There are definitions stated
by experts in culture:
1.
Edward B. Taylor
Culture is a complex
whole, that it contains the knowledge, belief, art, morals, laws, mores, and
other capabilities acquired by man as a member of society.
2.
M. Jacobs and B.J. Stern
Culture covers all
forms of technology including social, ideological, religious, and arts and
objects, all of which are social heritage.
3.
Koentjaraningrat
Culture is a whole
system of ideas, actions, and the work of human beings in order to become a
society that human beings belong to learn.
4.
Dr. K. Kupper
Culture is a system of
ideas that guide and driver for the human in attitude and behavior, both individually
and in groups.
5.
William H. Haviland
Culture is a set of
rules and norms that are shared by members of the public, which if carried out
by its members will bear behavior deemed feasible and can be received by all
communities.
6.
Ki Hajar Dewantara
Culture means the fruit
of the human mind is the result of the struggle of man against two strong
influences, the nature of the times and is a testament to the triumph of human
life to overcome the obstacles and hardships in life and livelihood in order to
achieve salvation and happiness at the birth is orderly and peaceful.
7.
Francis Merill
Behavioral patterns are
generated by social interaction
All behavior and all
products produced by someone as a member of a community that is found through
symbolic interaction.
8.
Bounded et.al
Culture is something
that is formed by the development and transmission of human beliefs through
certain symbols, such as language symbols as a series of symbols that are used
to divert the cultural beliefs among the members of a society. The messages
about the culture, which is expected to be found in the media, government,
religious institutions, educational systems and such.
9.
Mitchell (Dictionary of Soriblogy)
Culture is the most
overall looping action or human activity and human-generated products that have
been popular in the community socially and not just in the genetikal switch.
10.
Robert H. Lowie
Culture is everything
in getting individuals from the community, including beliefs, customs, norms
artistic, eating habits, skills obtained not from his own creativity but rather
a legacy of the past which can be through formal or informal education.
11.
Archaeologists R. Seokmono
Culture is all the
result of human effort, either an object or just a piece of mind and the life.
Ø Form and Components
·
Form
According
J.J. Hoenigman, the form is divided into three
cultures: ideas, activities, and artifacts.
After talking about the
meaning of culture, it is now time to discuss menengenai wujuda of culture that
is the result of human. The realization of the culture itself can be divided
into three kinds, there are ideas, activity, and artifacts.
1. Idea
The idea of an ideal
form of culture that could be a collection of ideas, ideas themselves, values,
rules, norms, and others who still have an abstract nature. Abstract nature
means that the form is still not able dindera with both senses touch and be
touched
The realization of this
culture is still in the head of someone who has tercurahkan in a form.
Everything is still in the wishful thinking that is part of the nature of mind.
If the idea or
identical or norms that are set forth in writing, then the place of the
cultural ideal is in an essay or a book from the author's work
So the new idea will be
realized when it is in writing in the form of a book or the book is the work of
the author who is also a part of the culture that exists in the community
2. Activity
Is a form of cultural
activity in the form of action. Activity is a manifestation of a culture that
is patterned actions of humans that exist in a society. The realization of a
form of cultural activity commonly known as social systems
In the social system
contains a variety of human activities that interact with each other, make
contact with each other, and the interaction between man and man the other
based on certain patterns based on the customary code of conduct
The nature of the activity
is occurring in the concrete daily life. Not only that, but also can be
observed and documented a form of cultural
3. Artifacts
s or in the only form
of culture that can be seen and be results are artifacts. Artifacts is a form
of culture that can be sensed physically be a result of the activities, work,
and perbuatn man in a society. Results of the artifacts can be seen and
touched.
Usually in the form of
objects that can be seen and documented
In reality within the
communities that between one cultural form with a form other cultures are
intertwined and inseparable. For example, is a form of culture that form the
idea of giving direction causing actions that will ultimately bring forth a
work that is an artifact
·
Component
Berdasakan
manifestation of the culture of the culture has several components. Bebrapa
components are as follows
a. Material Culture
Material culture is the
form of the results of creativity, taste, and intention that has real form.
Some of the things that go into the material culture is such that have been
found by archaeologists. Some of the findings are as tableware from clay,
weapons, jewelry, etc.
Material culture is not
only based on the findings of the archaeologists only. Yet now we use that
stuff, too, including of material culture, such as television, wardrobe,
washing machines, airplanes, cars, motorcycles, homes, etc.
b. Kebudayaa
nonmaterial
opposite of that
material culture has a form of the nonmaterial culture does not have a form
that can be sensed. But the nonmaterial culture is still there and can feel its
presence as are fairy tales, songs, dances, etc.
c. Social Institutions
Social institutions is
also one of the components in the formation of culture. Social institutions
also have an important role in the development of human civilization that
covers the relationship between human interaction with each other
d. Sisitem Confidence
Belief systems that
exist in a society will affect how manusiaitu act. The system will also affect
the valuation of trust that exist within a society
Belief system that was
established by the existing society also affect habits in the community. Not
only that, the belief system also have an influence in the way of life,
communication, and what foods are consumed by them
An example is the belief
held by a society that is in Lamongan. In the area believed that the native
people or citizens lamongan not allowed to consume catfish. It is based on the
legends and beliefs that exist in the society.
e. Aesthetics
Aesthetics is a
reflection of a culture that promotes the values of beauty. Aesthetic value
is often associated with works of art like dance, painting, music, Dongen, and
others. Aesthetic value of an area is also berbedaa other regions.
f. Language
Language is a tool used
by humans to convey information from the speaker to the listener. With the
language of the communication and relationships among humans can be well
maintained and beautifully.
Conclusion
From
the definitions above, it can be concluded that the culture system of knowledge
covering system of ideas contained in the idea of the human mind, so in
everyday life culture is abstract. While the embodiment of culture are objects
created by human beings as a cultured form and behavior of objects that are
real, for example, patterns of behavior, language, equipment life, social
organization, religious and other arts, all of which are addressed to help
sustain the lives of people in society.
Cultural theory
Cultural
theory is an attempt to conceptualize the significance of it, to understand the
relationship between human data and human groups manifest data. Cultural Theory
is a conceptual effort to understand how people use culture to perpetuate life
in groups, to sustain life through the cultivation of the natural environment
and maintain balance with the supernatural world.
The
diversity of cultural theory can be viewed from two perspectives, namely, (a)
the historical development perspective to see that diversity arises because
certain aspects of the culture is considered not enough gained elaboration. And
(b) the conceptual perspective the view that diversity arises because solving
conceptual problems occur in different views. In our culture can not be
understood apart from its basic principles. de Saussure formulate at least
three important principles in understanding the culture, there are:
Signs
(in English) consists of a mark (signifiant, signifier, markers) and marked
(signifie, signified, sign). Bookmarks is a sound image while the marker is the
idea or concept. This suggests that at least the concept of the sound consists
of three components (1) the articulation of the lips, (2) release of air that
comes out of a sudden, and (3) the vocal cords do not vibrate.
Important
ideas related to the mark according to Saussure is no reference to objective
reality. Signs have no nomenclature. To understand the meaning of it, there are
two ways, namely, first, the meaning of signs is determined by the relationship
between a sign with all the other marks that are used and the way both as an
element of the human mind, or recorded as a code in the memory of man,
determines how the elements of reality objectively given significance
ataukebermaknaan recorded in accordance with the concept.
The
problems always come back to the study of society and culture is the
relationship between the individual and society. For the language, according to
Saussure's langue and parole there (language and speech). Langue is the knowledge
and language skills that are collective, lived shared by all members of the
community; parole langue is the embodiment of the individual. Through
individual utterances realized that follow the rules that apply collectively,
because if not, the communication will not take place smoothly.
The
idea of culture, both as cognitive systems as well as the structural system,
starting from the assumption that culture is a mental system that contains all
the things that people should know in order to behave and act in such a way
that it can be accepted and considered normal by society fellow.
